Groynes are rigid structures, typically constructed using heavy materials extending from the upper shore to the water.

Land acquisition is the process of purchasing or expropriating land with the primary purpose of protecting the public interest.

A land trust is a non-profit private organization created for the purpose of environmental conservation.

Zoning is a process that gives local and national agencies the autonomy to regulate land use.

Reefs are under and near water ecosystems that provide protection against flooding and erosion.

Scours are property-specific structural tools that are used to protect shoreline structures or building foundations from exposure to the corrosive effects of moving water.

Seawalls are hard engineered structures built parallel to the shoreline.

Secondary dikes work in conjunction with primary dikes to reduce the impact of a flood if the primary dike is breached.

Storm surge barriers are heavily engineered movable or fixed barriers/gates that are closed to prevent flooding during bad weather forecasts.

A subdivision regulation is a planning tool that can be used to establish conditions for the protection against environmental hazards, e.g., coastal hazards related to sea-level rise.

Early warning systems form an important element of disaster risk management.

Wet floodproofing is the measure of allowing water to enter and exit a structure with minimal or no damage.